Use the RAISE statement to report messages and raise errors.

RAISE [ level ] 'format' [, expression [, ... ]] [ USING option { = | := } expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] condition_name [ USING option { = | := } expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] SQLSTATE 'sqlstate' [ USING option { = | := } expression [, ... ] ];
RAISE [ level ] USING option { = | := } expression [, ... ];
RAISE ;

The level option specifies the error severity. Allowed levels are DEBUG, LOG, INFO, NOTICE, WARNING, and EXCEPTION, with EXCEPTION being the default. EXCEPTION raises an error (which normally aborts the current transaction); the other levels only generate messages of different priority levels. Whether messages of a particular priority are reported to the client, written to the server log, or both is controlled by the log_min_messages and client_min_messages configuration variables. See Chapter 19 for more information.

In the first syntax variant, after the level if any, write a format string (which must be a simple string literal, not an expression). The format string specifies the error message text to be reported. The format string can be followed by optional argument expressions to be inserted into the message. Inside the format string, % is replaced by the string representation of the next optional argument's value. Write %% to emit a literal %. The number of arguments must match the number of % placeholders in the format string, or an error is raised during the compilation of the function.

In this example, the value of v_job_id will replace the % in the string:

RAISE NOTICE 'Calling cs_create_job(%)', v_job_id;

In the second and third syntax variants, condition_name and sqlstate specify an error condition name or a five-character SQLSTATE code, respectively. See Appendix A for the valid error condition names and the predefined SQLSTATE codes.

Here are examples of condition_name and sqlstate usage:

RAISE division_by_zero;
RAISE WARNING SQLSTATE '22012';

In any of these syntax variants, you can attach additional information to the error report by writing USING followed by option = expression items. Each expression can be any string-valued expression. The allowed option key words are:

This example will abort the transaction with the given error message and hint:

RAISE EXCEPTION 'Nonexistent ID --> %', user_id
      USING HINT = 'Please check your user ID';

These two examples show equivalent ways of setting the SQLSTATE:

RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = 'unique_violation';
RAISE 'Duplicate user ID: %', user_id USING ERRCODE = '23505';

Another way to produce the same result is:

RAISE unique_violation USING MESSAGE = 'Duplicate user ID: ' || user_id;

As shown in the fourth syntax variant, it is also possible to write RAISE USING or RAISE level USING and put everything else into the USING list.

The last variant of RAISE has no parameters at all. This form can only be used inside a BEGIN block's EXCEPTION clause; it causes the error currently being handled to be re-thrown.

If no condition name nor SQLSTATE is specified in a RAISE EXCEPTION command, the default is to use raise_exception (P0001). If no message text is specified, the default is to use the condition name or SQLSTATE as message text.

The ASSERT statement is a convenient shorthand for inserting debugging checks into PL/pgSQL functions.

ASSERT condition [ , message ];

The condition is a Boolean expression that is expected to always evaluate to true; if it does, the ASSERT statement does nothing further. If the result is false or null, then an ASSERT_FAILURE exception is raised. (If an error occurs while evaluating the condition, it is reported as a normal error.)

If the optional message is provided, it is an expression whose result (if not null) replaces the default error message text “assertion failed”, should the condition fail. The message expression is not evaluated in the normal case where the assertion succeeds.

Testing of assertions can be enabled or disabled via the configuration parameter plpgsql.check_asserts, which takes a Boolean value; the default is on. If this parameter is off then ASSERT statements do nothing.

Note that ASSERT is meant for detecting program bugs, not for reporting ordinary error conditions. Use the RAISE statement, described above, for that.