Each catalog that has any manually-created initial data (some do not)
has a corresponding .dat file that contains its
initial data in an editable format.
Each .dat file contains Perl data structure literals
that are simply eval'd to produce an in-memory data structure consisting
of an array of hash references, one per catalog row.
A slightly modified excerpt from pg_database.dat
will demonstrate the key features:
[
# A comment could appear here.
{ oid => '1', oid_symbol => 'Template1DbOid',
descr => 'database\'s default template',
datname => 'template1', encoding => 'ENCODING',
datlocprovider => 'LOCALE_PROVIDER', datistemplate => 't',
datallowconn => 't', datconnlimit => '-1', datfrozenxid => '0',
datminmxid => '1', dattablespace => 'pg_default', datcollate => 'LC_COLLATE',
datctype => 'LC_CTYPE', daticulocale => 'ICU_LOCALE', datacl => '_null_' },
]
Points to note:
The overall file layout is: open square bracket, one or more sets of curly braces each of which represents a catalog row, close square bracket. Write a comma after each closing curly brace.
Within each catalog row, write comma-separated
key =>
value pairs. The
allowed keys are the names of the catalog's
columns, plus the metadata keys oid,
oid_symbol,
array_type_oid, and descr.
(The use of oid and oid_symbol
is described in Section 77.2.2 below,
while array_type_oid is described in
Section 77.2.4.
descr supplies a description string for the object,
which will be inserted into pg_description
or pg_shdescription as appropriate.)
While the metadata keys are optional, the catalog's defined columns
must all be provided, except when the catalog's .h
file specifies a default value for the column.
(In the example above, the datdba field has
been omitted because pg_database.h supplies a
suitable default value for it.)
All values must be single-quoted. Escape single quotes used within a
value with a backslash. Backslashes meant as data can, but need not,
be doubled; this follows Perl's rules for simple quoted literals.
Note that backslashes appearing as data will be treated as escapes by
the bootstrap scanner, according to the same rules as for escape string
constants (see Section 4.1.2.2); for
example \t converts to a tab character. If you
actually want a backslash in the final value, you will need to write
four of them: Perl strips two, leaving \\ for the
bootstrap scanner to see.
Null values are represented by _null_.
(Note that there is no way to create a value that is just that
string.)
Comments are preceded by #, and must be on their
own lines.
Field values that are OIDs of other catalog entries should be
represented by symbolic names rather than actual numeric OIDs.
(In the example above, dattablespace
contains such a reference.)
This is described in Section 77.2.3
below.
Since hashes are unordered data structures, field order and line
layout aren't semantically significant. However, to maintain a
consistent appearance, we set a few rules that are applied by the
formatting script reformat_dat_file.pl:
Within each pair of curly braces, the metadata
fields oid, oid_symbol,
array_type_oid, and descr
(if present) come first, in that order, then the catalog's own
fields appear in their defined order.
Newlines are inserted between fields as needed to limit line length to 80 characters, if possible. A newline is also inserted between the metadata fields and the regular fields.
If the catalog's .h file specifies a default
value for a column, and a data entry has that same
value, reformat_dat_file.pl will omit it from
the data file. This keeps the data representation compact.
reformat_dat_file.pl preserves blank lines
and comment lines as-is.
It's recommended to run reformat_dat_file.pl
before submitting catalog data patches. For convenience, you can
simply change to src/include/catalog/ and
run make reformat-dat-files.
If you want to add a new method of making the data representation
smaller, you must implement it
in reformat_dat_file.pl and also
teach Catalog::ParseData() how to expand the
data back into the full representation.
A catalog row appearing in the initial data can be given a
manually-assigned OID by writing an oid
=> metadata field.
Furthermore, if an OID is assigned, a C macro for that OID can be
created by writing an nnnnoid_symbol
=> metadata field.
name
Pre-loaded catalog rows must have preassigned OIDs if there are OID
references to them in other pre-loaded rows. A preassigned OID is
also needed if the row's OID must be referenced from C code.
If neither case applies, the oid metadata field can
be omitted, in which case the bootstrap code assigns an OID
automatically.
In practice we usually preassign OIDs for all or none of the pre-loaded
rows in a given catalog, even if only some of them are actually
cross-referenced.
Writing the actual numeric value of any OID in C code is considered
very bad form; always use a macro, instead. Direct references
to pg_proc OIDs are common enough that there's
a special mechanism to create the necessary macros automatically;
see src/backend/utils/Gen_fmgrtab.pl. Similarly
— but, for historical reasons, not done the same way —
there's an automatic method for creating macros
for pg_type
OIDs. oid_symbol entries are therefore not
necessary in those two catalogs. Likewise, macros for
the pg_class OIDs of system catalogs and
indexes are set up automatically. For all other system catalogs, you
have to manually specify any macros you need
via oid_symbol entries.
To find an available OID for a new pre-loaded row, run the
script src/include/catalog/unused_oids.
It prints inclusive ranges of unused OIDs (e.g., the output
line 45-900 means OIDs 45 through 900 have not been
allocated yet). Currently, OIDs 1–9999 are reserved for manual
assignment; the unused_oids script simply looks
through the catalog headers and .dat files
to see which ones do not appear. You can also use
the duplicate_oids script to check for mistakes.
(genbki.pl will assign OIDs for any rows that
didn't get one hand-assigned to them, and it will also detect duplicate
OIDs at compile time.)
When choosing OIDs for a patch that is not expected to be committed
immediately, best practice is to use a group of more-or-less
consecutive OIDs starting with some random choice in the range
8000—9999. This minimizes the risk of OID collisions with other
patches being developed concurrently. To keep the 8000—9999
range free for development purposes, after a patch has been committed
to the master git repository its OIDs should be renumbered into
available space below that range. Typically, this will be done
near the end of each development cycle, moving all OIDs consumed by
patches committed in that cycle at the same time. The script
renumber_oids.pl can be used for this purpose.
If an uncommitted patch is found to have OID conflicts with some
recently-committed patch, renumber_oids.pl may
also be useful for recovering from that situation.
Because of this convention of possibly renumbering OIDs assigned by patches, the OIDs assigned by a patch should not be considered stable until the patch has been included in an official release. We do not change manually-assigned object OIDs once released, however, as that would create assorted compatibility problems.
If genbki.pl needs to assign an OID to a catalog
entry that does not have a manually-assigned OID, it will use a value in
the range 10000—11999. The server's OID counter is set to 10000
at the start of a bootstrap run, so that any objects created on-the-fly
during bootstrap processing also receive OIDs in this range. (The
usual OID assignment mechanism takes care of preventing any conflicts.)
Objects with OIDs below FirstUnpinnedObjectId (12000)
are considered “pinned”, preventing them from being
deleted. (There are a small number of exceptions, which are
hard-wired into IsPinnedObject().)
initdb forces the OID counter up
to FirstUnpinnedObjectId as soon as it's ready to
create unpinned objects. Thus objects created during the later phases
of initdb, such as objects created while
running the information_schema.sql script, will
not be pinned, while all objects known
to genbki.pl will be.
OIDs assigned during normal database operation are constrained to be
16384 or higher. This ensures that the range 10000—16383 is free
for OIDs assigned automatically by genbki.pl or
during initdb. These
automatically-assigned OIDs are not considered stable, and may change
from one installation to another.
In principle, cross-references from one initial catalog row to another
could be written just by writing the preassigned OID of the referenced
row in the referencing field. However, that is against project
policy, because it is error-prone, hard to read, and subject to
breakage if a newly-assigned OID is renumbered. Therefore
genbki.pl provides mechanisms to write
symbolic references instead.
The rules are as follows:
Use of symbolic references is enabled in a particular catalog column
by attaching BKI_LOOKUP(
to the column's definition, where lookuprule)lookuprule
is the name of the referenced catalog, e.g., pg_proc.
BKI_LOOKUP can be attached to columns of
type Oid, regproc, oidvector,
or Oid[]; in the latter two cases it implies performing a
lookup on each element of the array.
It's also permissible to attach BKI_LOOKUP(encoding)
to integer columns to reference character set encodings, which are
not currently represented as catalog OIDs, but have a set of values
known to genbki.pl.
In some catalog columns, it's allowed for entries to be zero instead
of a valid reference. If this is allowed, write
BKI_LOOKUP_OPT instead
of BKI_LOOKUP. Then you can
write 0 for an entry. (If the column is
declared regproc, you can optionally
write - instead of 0.)
Except for this special case, all entries in
a BKI_LOOKUP column must be symbolic references.
genbki.pl will warn about unrecognized names.
Most kinds of catalog objects are simply referenced by their names.
Note that type names must exactly match the
referenced pg_type
entry's typname; you do not get to use
any aliases such as integer
for int4.
A function can be represented by
its proname, if that is unique among
the pg_proc.dat entries (this works like regproc
input). Otherwise, write it
as proname(argtypename,argtypename,...),
like regprocedure. The argument type names must be spelled exactly as
they are in the pg_proc.dat entry's
proargtypes field. Do not insert any
spaces.
Operators are represented
by oprname(lefttype,righttype),
writing the type names exactly as they appear in
the pg_operator.dat
entry's oprleft
and oprright fields.
(Write 0 for the omitted operand of a unary
operator.)
The names of opclasses and opfamilies are only unique within an
access method, so they are represented
by access_method_name/object_name.
In none of these cases is there any provision for
schema-qualification; all objects created during bootstrap are
expected to be in the pg_catalog schema.
genbki.pl resolves all symbolic references while it
runs, and puts simple numeric OIDs into the emitted BKI file. There is
therefore no need for the bootstrap backend to deal with symbolic
references.
It's desirable to mark OID reference columns
with BKI_LOOKUP or BKI_LOOKUP_OPT
even if the catalog has no initial data that requires lookup. This
allows genbki.pl to record the foreign key
relationships that exist in the system catalogs. That information is
used in the regression tests to check for incorrect entries. See also
the macros DECLARE_FOREIGN_KEY,
DECLARE_FOREIGN_KEY_OPT,
DECLARE_ARRAY_FOREIGN_KEY,
and DECLARE_ARRAY_FOREIGN_KEY_OPT, which are
used to declare foreign key relationships that are too complex
for BKI_LOOKUP (typically, multi-column foreign
keys).
Most scalar data types should have a corresponding array type (that is,
a standard varlena array type whose element type is the scalar type, and
which is referenced by the typarray field of
the scalar type's pg_type
entry). genbki.pl is able to generate
the pg_type entry for the array type
automatically in most cases.
To use this facility, just write an array_type_oid
=> metadata field in the
scalar type's nnnnpg_type entry, specifying the OID
to use for the array type. You may then omit
the typarray field, since it will be filled
automatically with that OID.
The generated array type's name is the scalar type's name with an
underscore prepended. The array entry's other fields are filled from
BKI_ARRAY_DEFAULT(
annotations in value)pg_type.h, or if there isn't one,
copied from the scalar type. (There's also a special case
for typalign.) Then
the typelem
and typarray fields of the two entries are
set to cross-reference each other.
Here are some suggestions about the easiest ways to perform common tasks when updating catalog data files.
Add a new column with a default to a catalog:
Add the column to the header file with
a BKI_DEFAULT(
annotation. The data file need only be adjusted by adding the field
in existing rows where a non-default value is needed.
value)
Add a default value to an existing column that doesn't have
one:
Add a BKI_DEFAULT annotation to the header file,
then run make reformat-dat-files to remove
now-redundant field entries.
Remove a column, whether it has a default or not:
Remove the column from the header, then run make
reformat-dat-files to remove now-useless field entries.
Change or remove an existing default value:
You cannot simply change the header file, since that will cause the
current data to be interpreted incorrectly. First run make
expand-dat-files to rewrite the data files with all
default values inserted explicitly, then change or remove
the BKI_DEFAULT annotation, then run make
reformat-dat-files to remove superfluous fields again.
Ad-hoc bulk editing:
reformat_dat_file.pl can be adapted to perform
many kinds of bulk changes. Look for its block comments showing where
one-off code can be inserted. In the following example, we are going
to consolidate two Boolean fields in pg_proc
into a char field:
Add the new column, with a default,
to pg_proc.h:
+ /* see PROKIND_ categories below */ + char prokind BKI_DEFAULT(f);
Create a new script based on reformat_dat_file.pl
to insert appropriate values on-the-fly:
- # At this point we have the full row in memory as a hash
- # and can do any operations we want. As written, it only
- # removes default values, but this script can be adapted to
- # do one-off bulk-editing.
+ # One-off change to migrate to prokind
+ # Default has already been filled in by now, so change to other
+ # values as appropriate
+ if ($values{proisagg} eq 't')
+ {
+ $values{prokind} = 'a';
+ }
+ elsif ($values{proiswindow} eq 't')
+ {
+ $values{prokind} = 'w';
+ }
Run the new script:
$ cd src/include/catalog $ perl rewrite_dat_with_prokind.pl pg_proc.dat
At this point pg_proc.dat has all three
columns, prokind,
proisagg,
and proiswindow, though they will appear
only in rows where they have non-default values.
Remove the old columns from pg_proc.h:
- /* is it an aggregate? */ - bool proisagg BKI_DEFAULT(f); - - /* is it a window function? */ - bool proiswindow BKI_DEFAULT(f);
Finally, run make reformat-dat-files to remove
the useless old entries from pg_proc.dat.
For further examples of scripts used for bulk editing, see
convert_oid2name.pl
and remove_pg_type_oid_symbols.pl attached to this
message:
https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAJVSVGVX8gXnPm+Xa=DxR7kFYprcQ1tNcCT5D0O3ShfnM6jehA@mail.gmail.com