F.18. intarray

F.18. intarray
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F.18.1. intarray Functions and Operators
F.18.2. Index Support
F.18.3. Example
F.18.4. Benchmark
F.18.5. Authors

The intarray module provides a number of useful functions and operators for manipulating null-free arrays of integers. There is also support for indexed searches using some of the operators.

All of these operations will throw an error if a supplied array contains any NULL elements.

Many of these operations are only sensible for one-dimensional arrays. Although they will accept input arrays of more dimensions, the data is treated as though it were a linear array in storage order.

This module is considered “trusted”, that is, it can be installed by non-superusers who have CREATE privilege on the current database.

F.18.1. `intarray` Functions and Operators

The functions provided by the intarray module are shown in Table F.9, the operators in Table F.10.

Table F.9. intarray Functions

Function Description Example(s)
`icount` ( `integer[]` ) → `integer` Returns the number of elements in the array. `icount('{1,2,3}'::integer[])` → `3`
`sort` ( `integer[]`, `dir` `text` ) → `integer[]` Sorts the array in either ascending or descending order. `dir` must be `asc` or `desc`. `sort('{1,3,2}'::integer[], 'desc')` → `{3,2,1}`
`sort` ( `integer[]` ) → `integer[]` `sort_asc` ( `integer[]` ) → `integer[]` Sorts in ascending order. `sort(array[11,77,44])` → `{11,44,77}`
`sort_desc` ( `integer[]` ) → `integer[]` Sorts in descending order. `sort_desc(array[11,77,44])` → `{77,44,11}`
`uniq` ( `integer[]` ) → `integer[]` Removes adjacent duplicates. Often used with `sort` to remove all duplicates. `uniq('{1,2,2,3,1,1}'::integer[])` → `{1,2,3,1}` `uniq(sort('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[]))` → `{1,2,3}`
`idx` ( `integer[]`, `item` `integer` ) → `integer` Returns index of the first array element matching `item`, or 0 if no match. `idx(array[11,22,33,22,11], 22)` → `2`
`subarray` ( `integer[]`, `start` `integer`, `len` `integer` ) → `integer[]` Extracts the portion of the array starting at position `start`, with `len` elements. `subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[], 2, 3)` → `{2,3,2}`
`subarray` ( `integer[]`, `start` `integer` ) → `integer[]` Extracts the portion of the array starting at position `start`. `subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[], 2)` → `{2,3,2,1}`
`intset` ( `integer` ) → `integer[]` Makes a single-element array. `intset(42)` → `{42}`

Function

Description

Example(s)

icount ( integer[] ) → integer

Returns the number of elements in the array.

icount('{1,2,3}'::integer[]) → 3

sort ( integer[], dir text ) → integer[]

Sorts the array in either ascending or descending order. dir must be asc or desc.

sort('{1,3,2}'::integer[], 'desc') → {3,2,1}

sort ( integer[] ) → integer[]

sort_asc ( integer[] ) → integer[]

Sorts in ascending order.

sort(array[11,77,44]) → {11,44,77}

sort_desc ( integer[] ) → integer[]

Sorts in descending order.

sort_desc(array[11,77,44]) → {77,44,11}

uniq ( integer[] ) → integer[]

Removes adjacent duplicates. Often used with sort to remove all duplicates.

uniq('{1,2,2,3,1,1}'::integer[]) → {1,2,3,1}

uniq(sort('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[])) → {1,2,3}

idx ( integer[], item integer ) → integer

Returns index of the first array element matching item, or 0 if no match.

idx(array[11,22,33,22,11], 22) → 2

subarray ( integer[], start integer, len integer ) → integer[]

Extracts the portion of the array starting at position start, with len elements.

subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[], 2, 3) → {2,3,2}

subarray ( integer[], start integer ) → integer[]

Extracts the portion of the array starting at position start.

subarray('{1,2,3,2,1}'::integer[], 2) → {2,3,2,1}

intset ( integer ) → integer[]

Makes a single-element array.

intset(42) → {42}

Table F.10. intarray Operators

Operator Description
`integer[]` `&&` `integer[]` → `boolean` Do arrays overlap (have at least one element in common)?
`integer[]` `@>` `integer[]` → `boolean` Does left array contain right array?
`integer[]` `<@` `integer[]` → `boolean` Is left array contained in right array?
`#` `integer[]` → `integer` Returns the number of elements in the array.
`integer[]` `#` `integer` → `integer` Returns index of the first array element matching the right argument, or 0 if no match. (Same as `idx` function.)
`integer[]` `+` `integer` → `integer[]` Adds element to end of array.
`integer[]` `+` `integer[]` → `integer[]` Concatenates the arrays.
`integer[]` `-` `integer` → `integer[]` Removes entries matching the right argument from the array.
`integer[]` `-` `integer[]` → `integer[]` Removes elements of the right array from the left array.
`integer[]` `\|` `integer` → `integer[]` Computes the union of the arguments.
`integer[]` `\|` `integer[]` → `integer[]` Computes the union of the arguments.
`integer[]` `&` `integer[]` → `integer[]` Computes the intersection of the arguments.
`integer[]` `@@` `query_int` → `boolean` Does array satisfy query? (see below)
`query_int` `~~` `integer[]` → `boolean` Does array satisfy query? (commutator of `@@`)

Operator

Description

integer[] && integer[] → boolean

Do arrays overlap (have at least one element in common)?

integer[] @> integer[] → boolean

Does left array contain right array?

integer[] <@ integer[] → boolean

Is left array contained in right array?

# integer[] → integer

Returns the number of elements in the array.

integer[] # integer → integer

Returns index of the first array element matching the right argument, or 0 if no match. (Same as idx function.)

integer[] + integer → integer[]

Adds element to end of array.

integer[] + integer[] → integer[]

Concatenates the arrays.

integer[] - integer → integer[]

Removes entries matching the right argument from the array.

integer[] - integer[] → integer[]

Removes elements of the right array from the left array.

integer[] | integer → integer[]

Computes the union of the arguments.

integer[] | integer[] → integer[]

Computes the union of the arguments.

integer[] & integer[] → integer[]

Computes the intersection of the arguments.

integer[] @@ query_int → boolean

Does array satisfy query? (see below)

query_int ~~ integer[] → boolean

Does array satisfy query? (commutator of @@)

The operators &&, @> and <@ are equivalent to PostgreSQL's built-in operators of the same names, except that they work only on integer arrays that do not contain nulls, while the built-in operators work for any array type. This restriction makes them faster than the built-in operators in many cases.

The @@ and ~~ operators test whether an array satisfies a query, which is expressed as a value of a specialized data type query_int. A query consists of integer values that are checked against the elements of the array, possibly combined using the operators & (AND), | (OR), and ! (NOT). Parentheses can be used as needed. For example, the query 1&(2|3) matches arrays that contain 1 and also contain either 2 or 3.

F.18.2. Index Support

intarray provides index support for the &&, @>, and @@ operators, as well as regular array equality.

Two parameterized GiST index operator classes are provided: gist__int_ops (used by default) is suitable for small- to medium-size data sets, while gist__intbig_ops uses a larger signature and is more suitable for indexing large data sets (i.e., columns containing a large number of distinct array values). The implementation uses an RD-tree data structure with built-in lossy compression.

gist__int_ops approximates an integer set as an array of integer ranges. Its optional integer parameter numranges determines the maximum number of ranges in one index key. The default value of numranges is 100. Valid values are between 1 and 253. Using larger arrays as GiST index keys leads to a more precise search (scanning a smaller fraction of the index and fewer heap pages), at the cost of a larger index.

gist__intbig_ops approximates an integer set as a bitmap signature. Its optional integer parameter siglen determines the signature length in bytes. The default signature length is 16 bytes. Valid values of signature length are between 1 and 2024 bytes. Longer signatures lead to a more precise search (scanning a smaller fraction of the index and fewer heap pages), at the cost of a larger index.

There is also a non-default GIN operator class gin__int_ops, which supports these operators as well as <@.

The choice between GiST and GIN indexing depends on the relative performance characteristics of GiST and GIN, which are discussed elsewhere.

F.18.3. Example

-- a message can be in one or more “sections”
CREATE TABLE message (mid INT PRIMARY KEY, sections INT[], ...);

-- create specialized index with signature length of 32 bytes
CREATE INDEX message_rdtree_idx ON message USING GIST (sections gist__intbig_ops (siglen = 32));

-- select messages in section 1 OR 2 - OVERLAP operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections && '{1,2}';

-- select messages in sections 1 AND 2 - CONTAINS operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections @> '{1,2}';

-- the same, using QUERY operator
SELECT message.mid FROM message WHERE message.sections @@ '1&2'::query_int;

F.18.4. Benchmark

The source directory contrib/intarray/bench contains a benchmark test suite, which can be run against an installed PostgreSQL server. (It also requires DBD::Pg to be installed.) To run:

cd .../contrib/intarray/bench
createdb TEST
psql -c "CREATE EXTENSION intarray" TEST
./create_test.pl | psql TEST
./bench.pl

The bench.pl script has numerous options, which are displayed when it is run without any arguments.

F.18.5. Authors

All work was done by Teodor Sigaev (<teodor@sigaev.ru>) and Oleg Bartunov (<oleg@sai.msu.su>). See http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/gist/ for additional information. Andrey Oktyabrski did a great work on adding new functions and operations.

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