UNION, CASE, and Related Constructs #
SQL UNION constructs must match up possibly dissimilar
types to become a single result set. The resolution algorithm is
applied separately to each output column of a union query. The
INTERSECT and EXCEPT constructs resolve
dissimilar types in the same way as UNION.
Some other constructs, including
CASE, ARRAY, VALUES,
and the GREATEST and LEAST
functions, use the identical
algorithm to match up their component expressions and select a result
data type.
Type Resolution for UNION, CASE,
and Related Constructs
If all inputs are of the same type, and it is not unknown,
resolve as that type.
If any input is of a domain type, treat it as being of the domain's base type for all subsequent steps. [12]
If all inputs are of type unknown, resolve as type
text (the preferred type of the string category).
Otherwise, unknown inputs are ignored for the purposes
of the remaining rules.
If the non-unknown inputs are not all of the same type category, fail.
Select the first non-unknown input type as the candidate type, then consider each other non-unknown input type, left to right. [13] If the candidate type can be implicitly converted to the other type, but not vice-versa, select the other type as the new candidate type. Then continue considering the remaining inputs. If, at any stage of this process, a preferred type is selected, stop considering additional inputs.
Convert all inputs to the final candidate type. Fail if there is not an implicit conversion from a given input type to the candidate type.
Some examples follow.
Example 10.10. Type Resolution with Underspecified Types in a Union
SELECT text 'a' AS "text" UNION SELECT 'b'; text ------ a b (2 rows)
Here, the unknown-type literal 'b' will be resolved to type text.
Example 10.11. Type Resolution in a Simple Union
SELECT 1.2 AS "numeric" UNION SELECT 1;
numeric
---------
1
1.2
(2 rows)
The literal 1.2 is of type numeric,
and the integer value 1 can be cast implicitly to
numeric, so that type is used.
Example 10.12. Type Resolution in a Transposed Union
SELECT 1 AS "real" UNION SELECT CAST('2.2' AS REAL);
real
------
1
2.2
(2 rows)
Here, since type real cannot be implicitly cast to integer,
but integer can be implicitly cast to real, the union
result type is resolved as real.
Example 10.13. Type Resolution in a Nested Union
SELECT NULL UNION SELECT NULL UNION SELECT 1; ERROR: UNION types text and integer cannot be matched
This failure occurs because PostgreSQL treats
multiple UNIONs as a nest of pairwise operations;
that is, this input is the same as
(SELECT NULL UNION SELECT NULL) UNION SELECT 1;
The inner UNION is resolved as emitting
type text, according to the rules given above. Then the
outer UNION has inputs of types text
and integer, leading to the observed error. The problem
can be fixed by ensuring that the leftmost UNION
has at least one input of the desired result type.
INTERSECT and EXCEPT operations are
likewise resolved pairwise. However, the other constructs described in this
section consider all of their inputs in one resolution step.
[12]
Somewhat like the treatment of domain inputs for operators and
functions, this behavior allows a domain type to be preserved through
a UNION or similar construct, so long as the user is
careful to ensure that all inputs are implicitly or explicitly of that
exact type. Otherwise the domain's base type will be used.
[13]
For historical reasons, CASE treats
its ELSE clause (if any) as the “first”
input, with the THEN clauses(s) considered after
that. In all other cases, “left to right” means the order
in which the expressions appear in the query text.